Με τίτλο «Ζητήματα διαβίωσης, δημογραφίας και κοινωνικής δομής στην Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού και την Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήρου στην Κρήτη», δίνει μια διάλεξη ο Dominic Pollard (*) στο ISAW.
The ancient settlement at Azoria (**), above the modern village of Kavousi, in east Crete. Photo by Dominic Pollard |
The period between c.1450 and 550 BCE on Crete was one of major social, political, and economic change, including the final phase – and ultimate collapse – of the Bronze Age palatial tradition, and the gradual emergence of the island's earliest poleis or city-states. This lecture offers a novel perspective on these historical processes by foregrounding the fundamental pressures and opportunities of the Cretan landscape, and the agricultural foundations on which the societies of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age were built. It is argued that a nuanced understanding of historical changes at this time can be approached by considering oscillations and developments in what may appear to be more perennial or cyclical features of ancient Cretan society, such as modes of subsistence, demographic pressures, and forms of interaction connecting communities over multiple scales.
(*) Dominic Pollard is a Visiting Assistant Professor at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. He holds a BA in Archaeology and Anthropology from the University of Oxford (2015), and an MA in Mediterranean Archaeology from University College London (2017), where he also received his PhD (2022). His work is particularly concerned with the relationships between human societies and the landscapes they inhabit, as well as the forms of mobility and interaction which connect communities across different regions. He has conducted fieldwork in England, Italy and Greece.
(**) The Azoria Project
The Azoria Project is the excavation of an Early Iron Age and Archaic site (ca. 1200-500 B.C.), located in northeastern Crete on the eastern edge of the Bay of Mirabello, one kilometer southeast of the modern village of Kavousi. The earliest occupation of the site can be dated to Final Neolithic and Early Minoan I (4th millennium B.C.), with evidence of buildings–perhaps comprising a hamlet or small village–on the west and southwest slopes of the South Acropolis. Late Minoan IIIC buildings and habitation deposits–including a bench sanctuary and tholos tomb–were recovered in soundings across the full extent of the excavated area of the South Acropolis. Although the spatial organization of the settlement in this period is difficult to determine because of later occupation, the remains indicate the existence of a substantial nucleated center in the 12th and 11th centuries B.C. The extant architecture visible on the site today belongs primarily to the Protoarchaic and Archaic periods (late 8th-early 5th centuries B.C.), during which the settlement greatly expanded in size, scale, and complexity. By the end of the 7th century, Azoria had developed an urban plan and integrated structure with distinctive forms of civic and residential architecture. The core of the Archaic civic complex includes the Monumental Civic Building (an assembly hall and adjoining shrine) and the Communal Dining Building (a series of dining rooms and food storage and processing areas). While there is evidence for modifications to these buildings, disuse of spaces, and changes in room functions over the course of the 6th century, the essential form of the Archaic settlement remained unchanged until its abandonment in the first quarter of the 5th century B.C. Subsequently, the site seems to have been unoccupied until the Hellenistic period (late 3rd and early 2nd centuries B.C.), when garrison and signal towers were constructed on the peak of the South Acropolis.
Fieldwork at Azoria is conducted by permission of the Hellenic Ministry
of Culture and Sports under the auspices of the American School of Classical
Studies at Athens and the Archaeological Service of Eastern Crete, Ephorate of
Antiquities of Lasithi (former 24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical
Antiquities). The main supporting institutions of the Azoria Project are the
Department of Classics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the
Classical Studies Program at Iowa State University, the Curriculum in
Archaeology and the Research Laboratories of Archaeology at UNC-CH, the Institute
for Aegean Prehistory Study Center for East Crete (INSTAP-SCEC), the Duke-UNC
Consortium for Classical and Mediterranean Archaeology (CCMA), and the
Institute for Field Research.
Azoria Project Excavations
Fieldwork at Azoria has been conducted in two five-year campaigns
(2002-2006 and 2013-2017) separated by six seasons of conservation, study,
publication, and site preservation. The Project began a second stage of study
and conservation in the summer of 2018. The site was originally excavated by
Harriet Boyd Hawes in 1900 as part of an extensive archaeological exploration
of the Kavousi area of eastern Crete. In a single trench on the peak of the
hill she exposed two circular buildings and a cistern, superimposed on a large
rectangular foundation of earlier date. Boyd (AJA 5 [1901]), 125-157)
documented the sequence of buildings but failed to reach conclusions on their
function and chronology. Reexamination of the standing architecture recovered
in Boyd’s 1900 campaign combined with the results of recent excavations
conducted by the Azoria Project allow us to reconstruct two rural towers of 3rd
to early 2nd century B.C. date, their associated assemblages, as well as the
archaeological and historical contexts of Hellenistic occupation at the site.
The goals of the Azoria Project are to recover archaeological evidence of the
structure of the Archaic urban center; and to study processes of urbanization
on Crete in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. (Haggis et al. 2004; 2007; 2011).
The focus of current research is the transition from the Early Iron Age
(1200-700 B.C.) to Archaic periods (ca. 600-500 B.C.), the early development of
the city, and material correlates for emerging social and political
institutions in the 6th century B.C. The excavation constitutes the first
archaeological case study of the political economy of Archaic Crete, while
contributing to our understanding of the agropastoral resource base of Aegean
communities in early stages of city-state formation in the 1st millennium. Our
goals are to define and interpret material patterns that suggest culture change
in the 7th and 6th centuries, stratigraphic discontinuities that may reflect
the Archaic inhabitants’ response to Bronze Age and Early Iron Age cultural and
archaeological landscapes; and ultimately to reevaluate interpretive frameworks
and develop new models of nascent urban social organization. The results of
this on-going work allow us to reconstruct the forms, functions, and economic
organization of Archaic households and public buildings; to model relationships
between residential and civic spaces, and thus between notionally private and
public spheres; and to examine modes of resource mobilization and forms of
communal participation in feasting and sacrifice.
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